Welcome to the Niger-Congo language family page! Here you will find useful information regarding many of the Niger-Congo Languages.
General
Niger-Congo Verb Extensions: Overview and Discussion (Hyman, 2007)
On reconstructing the syntagm S-Aux-OV-Other to Proto-Niger-Congo (Gensler, 1994)
Atlantic
Temne
Ideophones in Temne (Kanu, 2008)
The Interaction of Segmental and Tonal Levels: the Case of [ɯ] in Temne (Nemer and Mountford, 1984)
Suffix Ordering in Temne: A Case for morphotactics (Kanu, 2009)
Kisi
Language Typology and Reconstruction: the Prenasalized Stops of Kisi (Childs, 1992)
The Phonology and Morphology of Kisi (Childs, 1988)
Fula
A First Grammar of the Adamawa Dialect of the Fulani Language (Fulfulde) (Taylor, 1921)
On the Description of Consonant Gradation in Fula (Anderson, 1976)
Agreement and Fula Pronouns (Culy, 1996)
Information Structure in Serer and a Comparative Study with Fula (Apel, 2014)
Wolof
On the Distribution of Complementizers in Wolof (Torrence, 2005)
The Morpho-Syntax of Silent Wh-Expressions in Wolof (Torrence, 2012)
The Subject/Non-Subject Asymmetry in Wolof (Martinovic, 2013)
Bak
Bijago (Rose, 2013)
Semantic Categorisations in the Gújjolaay Eegimaa Collectives and Distributives (Sagna, 2010)
Formal and Semantic Properties of the Gújjolaay Eegimaa (A.k.a Banjal) Nominal Classification System (Sagna, 2008)
Serer
“Simplification” and “Innovation” in the Noun Class System of Serer (Apel, 2016)
Information Structure in Serer and a Comparative Study with Fula (Apel, 2014)
Senufo
Some Methodological Problems in the Study of Language Contact: the Case of Senufo and Manding (Mali) (Dombrowsky-Hahn, 2010)
Argument Focus in Kar (Senufo) (Dombrowsky-Hahn, 2006)
Downstep in Supyire (Carlson, 1983)
Bantoid
General
The Bantoid Languages (Blench, 2015)
Mambiloid
An Outline Classification of the Mambiloid Languages (Blench, 1993)
A Preliminary Assessment of Ndoola (Ndoro) (Connell and Blench, 2014)
Verb Chains in Nizaa (Kjelsvik, 2002)
Aspects of the Phonetics of Cambap (Connell, 2002)
Tikar
Noun Classes in Tikar (Stanley-Thorne, 1995)
Direct and Reported Speech in Tikar Narrative Texts (Stanley, 1982)
Bantu
The Bantu Verbal Prefixes and S-Aux-OV Order in Benue-Congo (Good and Guldemann, 2006)
Mental Representation of Tonal Spreading in Bemba: Evidence from Elicited Production and Perception (Kula and Braun, 2015)
Locative Inversion in Otjiherero: More on Morphosyntactic Variation in Bantu (Marten, 2006)
Dogon
Dogon
Dogon Pronominal Systems: their Nature and Evolution (Culy and Kodio, 1995)
The History of the Middle in Dogon (Culy and Fagan, 2001)
A Grammar of Najamba (Dogon, Mali) (Heath, 2017)
Ibibio
Ibibio
Foot Structure in the Ibibio Verb (Akinlabi and Urua, 2003)
Rhythm in West African Tone Languages: a Study of Ibibio, Anyi and Ega (Gut and Urua and Adouakou and Gibbon, 2001)
On the Nature of the Antiagreement Effect: Evidence from Wh-in-Situ in Ibibio (Baker, 2008)
Kordofanian
Kordofanian
Kordofanian (Schadeberg, 1989)
Verbal Morphology in Katla (Hellwig, 2013)
The Linguistic Settlement of the Nuba Mountains (Thelwall and Schadeberg, 1983)
Kru
Kru
A Survey of Kru Dialects (Duitsman and Bertkau and Laesch, 1975)
Classification of Guébie within Kru (Sande, 2014)
The Nominal System of Guébie (Kru) in Typological Perspective (Sande, 2015)
Kwa
Akan
Information Structuring in Akan: Question-Word Fronting and Focus Constructions (Marfo and Bodomo, 2005)
On the Basic Focus Marker, and the Basic Focus Sentence, in Akan (Twi) (Ofori, 2011)
On the Prosodic Expression of Pragmatic Prominence: The Case of Pitch Register Lowering in Akan (Kügler and Genzel, 2011)
Anyi
Rhythm in West African Tone Languages: a Study of Ibibio, Anyi and Ega (Gut and Urua and Adouakou and Gibbon, 2001)
The Interface Between Phonology and Morpho (phono) logy in the Standardization of Anyi Orthography (N’da Koffi, 2009)
The Acoustic Vowel Space of Anyi in Light of the Cardinal Vowel System and the Dispersion Focalization Theory (N’da Koffi, 2018)
Baule
An Introduction to Spoken Baoule (Day and Saraka, 1968)
Inalienable Possession in Baule and its Neighbors (Larson, 1999)
The Semantics of Object Drop in Baule (Larson, 2002)
Ega
Rhythm in West African Tone Languages: a Study of Ibibio, Anyi and Ega (Gut and Urua and Adouakou and Gibbon, 2001)
Securing Interpretability: The Case of Ega Language Documentation (Gibbon and Bow and Bird and Hughes, 2004)
Learning Ega: A Linguistic Frame of Reference for Primers for Endangered Languages (Bielefeld, 2004)
Esahie (Sehwi)
Noun Classification in Esahie (Broohm, 2017)
Information Structure in Esahie (Broohm, 2014)
A Summary Report on the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Sehwi Language (Leyew, 2002)
Mande
Mande
The Mande and Atlantic groups of Niger-Congo: Prolonged Contact with Asymmetrical Consequences (Childs, 2010)
Convergence of Prosody Under Contact: two African Case Studies (Downing, 2017)
On the Reconstruction of some Tense/Aspect Markers in Proto-Mande (Babaev, 2011)
Some Methodological Problems in the Study of Language Contact: the Case of Senufo and Manding (Mali) (Dombrowsky-Hahn, 2010)
Platoid
Jukunoid
Is There a Boundary Between Plateau and Jukunoid (Blench and Dendo, 2005)
Jukunoid Negation Particles (Anyanwu, 2012)
Kainji
Documentation, Development, and Ideology in the Northwestern Kainji Languages (McGill and Blench, 2012)
The Status of the East Kainji Languages of Central Nigeria: Recent Research (Gerhardt and Blench and Dendo, 2004)
The Noun Class System of ut-Ma’in, a West Kainji Language of Nigeria (Smith, 2007)
Plateau
Is There a Boundary Between Plateau and Jukunoid (Blench and Dendo, 2005)
A Comparative Morphology of Non-Productive Tarok Affixes and Stems for Suggested Proto-Tarokoid Reconstruction of Some Lexemes (Longtau, 2014)
Recent Research on the Plateau Languages of Central Nigeria (Blench, 2004)
Ubangian
Ubangian
Verb-Marking in Sango Predicate Chains (Samarin and Walker, 1994)
A Grammar of Sango (Samarin, 1967)
Expressions of Cardinal Directions in Nilotic and in Ubangian Languages (Mietzner and Pasch, 2007)
Ukaan
Ukaan
The Ukaan Language: Bantu in South-Western Nigeria (Blench and Dendo, 1994)
Why Ukaan is Hard to Classify (Salffner and Sands, 2012)
Volta-Niger
Gbe
A Synchronic Lexical Study of Gbe Language Varieties: The Effects of Different Similarity Judgment Criteria (Kluge, 2005)
Ewe Serial Verb Constructions in their Grammatical Context (Ameka ,2006)
Yoruboid
Two Harmony Theories and High Vowel Patterns in Ebira and Yoruba (Orie, 2003)
Topics on Yorùbá Nominal Expressions (Ajíbóyè, 2005)
On the Scope of the Serial Verb Construction in Yoruba (Oyelaran, 1982)
Yoruba Vowel Harmony (Archangeli and Pulleyblank, 1989)
Edoid
Morphology of the Gerund in Degema and its Reconstruction in Proto-Edoid (Elugbe, 1984)
On the Formation of Questions in Edo (Omoruyi, 1988)
È̠dó Influence on Santome: Evidence from Verb Serialization (Hagemeijer and Ogie, 2011)
Igboid
Agbirigba: The Birth of an Igboid Language (Akinlabi and Ndimele, 2010)
Reflections on Address Politeness in Igbo Family (Ugorji, 2009)
Igbo Verb Compounds and the Lexicon (Lord, 1975)
Nupoid
Two Harmony Theories and High Vowel Patterns in Ebira and Yoruba (Orie, 2003)
The Role of Discourse in the Typology of Downsteps: Evidence from Ebira and Ghotuo (Adeniyi, 2012)
Nupe Topology (George, 1970)
Oko
On Nasals and Nasalization in Òko (Atóyèbí, 2009)
Contraction and Tone Polarisation in Ogori (Chumbow, 1982)
Idomoid
Pluralisation in the Idoma Language (Adejoh, 2012)