Welcome to the Indo-European language family page! Here you will find useful information regarding many of the Indo-European Languages.
Albanian
A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian (Matasović, 2012)
Does Albanian have Genitive Case? (Spencer, 2007)
Dative Clitics in Albanian (Hubbard, 1981)
Contrastive Analysis of English Compounds and their Correspondents in Albanian (Rushidi, 2015)
Armenian
Vowel Production in the Speech of Western Armenian Heritage Speakers (Godson, 2009)
Focus and wh-movement in Armenian (Tamrazian, 1991)
Wh-movement in Armenian and Ruhr German (Anyadi and Tamrazian, 1993)
The Phonology of Voiced Aspirates in the Armenian Dialect of New Julfa (Vaux, 1997)
Feature Metathesis and the Change of PIE* du̯ to Classical Armenian-rk (DeLisi, 2013)
Balto-Slavic
Belarusian
Language Policy in the Republic of Belarus in the 1990s (Zaprudski, 2002)
On Transmitting Expressiveness in Belarusian-English Poetic Translation (Sakalova, 2014)
Surface Phonotactics in Morphology: Ongoing Change in the Belarusian Noun Declension (Bethin, 2015)
Possession, Modality and Beyond: The Case of Mec’ and Mecca in Belarusian (Mazzitelli, 2011)
Bosnian
Clinical Linguistics in Bosnian/Croation/Montenegrin/Serbian (Martínez-Ferreiro and Halupka-Rešetar and Perovic, 2016)
Clitic Climbing and Infinitive Clusters in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian (Hansen and Kolaković and Jurkiewicz-Rohrbacher, 2016)
Full Form Auxiliaries in Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian (Caink, 2000)
Enclisis and Proclisis in Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian (Werle, 2004)
Bulgarian
Epistemic Marking and Reliability Judgments: Evidence from Bulgarian (Fitneva, 2001)
Participle Fronting in Bulgarian (Broekhuis and Migdalski, 2003)
Topicality and Superiority in Bulgarian wh-question (Jaeger, 2003)
Topics in Bulgarian Morphology and Syntax: a Minimalist Perspective (Rivero, 2005)
Macedonian and Bulgarian li questions: Beyond Syntax (Rudin and Kramer and Billings and Baerman, 1999)
The Role of Prosody in the Linearization of Clitics: Evidence from Bulgarian and Macedonian (Harizanov, 2014)
Croatian
Clinical Linguistics in Bosnian/Croation/Montenegrin/Serbian (Martínez-Ferreiro and Halupka-Rešetar and Perovic, 2016)
Full Form Auxiliaries in Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian (Caink, 2000)
Clitic Climbing and Infinitive Clusters in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian (Hansen and Kolaković and Jurkiewicz-Rohrbacher, 2016)
Enclisis and Proclisis in Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian (Werle, 2004)
Objects in Serbo-Croatian (Zec, 1985)
Stability of Temporal Contrasts Across Speaking Styles in English and Croatian (Smiljanic and Bradlow, 2008)
Derivational and Semantic Relations of Croatian Verbs (Šojat and Srebačić and Tadić, 2012)
Czech
Objects in Serbo-Croatian (Zec, 1985)
Stability of Temporal Contrasts Across Speaking Styles in English and Croatian (Smiljanic and Bradlow, 2008)
Derivational and Semantic Relations of Croatian Verbs (Šojat and Srebačić and Tadić, 2012)
Latvian
Expressing the Latvian verb prefix ie- in Estonian (Zagorska, 2016)
Inflection vs. Derivation: How Split is Latvian Morphology? (Nau, 2001)
A Typological Perspective on Latvian Grammar (Kalnača, 2014)
Some Remarks on the System of Lithuanian and Latvian Conjugation (Andronov, 2000)
Lithuanian
On the Aspectual Uses of the Prefix be-in Lithuanian (Arkadiev, 2011)
Mood and a Transitivity Restriction in Lithuanian: The Case of the Inferential Evidential (Lavine, 2010)
Subject Properties and Ergativity in North Russian and Lithuanian (Lavine, 1999)
Is there a Passive Evidential Strategy in Lithuanian? (Lavine, 2006)
Some Remarks on the Syntax of Genitival Phrases in Lithuanian (Rutkowski, 2007)
Macedonian
Macedonian and Bulgarian li questions: Beyond Syntax (Rudin and Kramer and Billings and Baerman, 1999)
Macedonian Dialectology and Eurology: Areal and Typological Perspectives (Friedman, 2008)
Macedonian Pronominal Clitics as Object Agreement Markers (Franks, 2009)
The Role of Prosody in the Linearization of Clitics: Evidence from Bulgarian and Macedonian (Harizanov, 2014)
Polish
Sound Pattern of Polish: Phonotactic Paradoxes at the Right Edge of Words (Cyran, 2005)
Numeral Phrases in Polish and Estonian (Rutkowski, 2001)
Classification Projection in Polish and Serbian: The Position and Shape of Classifying Adjectives (Rutkowski, 2005)
Noun/Pronoun Asymmetries: Evidence in Support of the DP Hypothesis in Polish (Rutkowski, 2002)
The Structure of Nominal Constructions in Polish Sign Language (PJM): A Corpus-based Study (Rutkowski, 2015)
The Later Development of an Early-Emerging System: The Curious Case of the Polish Genitive (Dąbrowska, 2008)
The Morphosyntax of Polish and Ukrainian-no/-to (Lavine, 2005)
Serbian
Clinical Linguistics in Bosnian/Croation/Montenegrin/Serbian (Martínez-Ferreiro and Halupka-Rešetar and Perovic, 2016)
Full Form Auxiliaries in Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian (Caink, 2000)
Clitic Climbing and Infinitive Clusters in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian (Hansen and Kolaković and Jurkiewicz-Rohrbacher, 2016)
Enclisis and Proclisis in Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian (Werle, 2004)
Classification Projection in Polish and Serbian: The Position and Shape of Classifying Adjectives (Rutkowski, 2005)
Clitic Placement in Serbian: Corpus and Experimental Evidence (Diesing and Ðurðevic and Zec, 2009)
Russian
External vs. internal possessor structures and inalienability in Russian (Paykin and Van Peteghem, 2003)
Reaching the End Point and Stopping Midway: Different Scenarios in the Acquisition of Russian (Polinsky, 2007)
Aspect in Russian as Grammatical Rather than Lexical Notion: Evidence from Heritage Russian (Pereltsvaig, 2008)
Degree Modification in Russian Morphology: The Case of the Suffix-ovat (Kagan and Alexeyenko, 2010)
Form and Function of Expressive Morphology: a Case Study of Russian (Steriopolo, 2009)
Phonetics and Phonology in Russian Unstressed Vowel Reduction: A Study in Hyperarticulation (Barnes, 2007)
Slovak
Effects of Lexical Stress and Speech Rate on the Quantity and Quality of Slovak Vowels (Beňuš and Mády, 2010)
Morphology, Agreement and Working Memory Retrieval in Sentence Production: Evidence from Gender and Case in Slovak (Badecker and Kuminiak, 2007)
Stress and Phonemic Length in the Perception of Slovak Vowels (Beňuš and Mády, 2012)
Slovenian
Depictive Secondary Predication with no PRO (Marušič and Marvin and Žaucer, 2003)
Depictive Secondary Predication in Slovenian (Marušič and Marvin and Žaucer, 2003)
Word-Formation Rules in Slovenian Agentive Deverbal Nominalization: A Psycholinguistic Study Based on Pseudo-Words (Marjanovič and Manouilidou and Marvin, 2013)
The Grammars of Conjunction Agreement in Slovenian (Marušič and Nevins and Badecker, 2015)
Ukrainian
Two Generations, Two Strategies: The Fate of Bare English–origin Nouns in Ukrainian (Budzhak‐Jones and Poplack, 1997)
The Morphosyntax of Polish and Ukrainian-no/-to (Lavine, 2005)
Mid Vowel Fronting in Ukrainian (Rubach, 2005)
Contours and Consequences of the Lexical Divide in Ukrainian (Hull and Koscharsky, 2006)
Celtic Languages
Breton
The Phonology and Morphosyntax of Breton Mutation (Iosad, 2014)
On Obstruent Voicing in Breton, German, and Italian (Krämer, 2001)
Laryngeal Neutralization in Breton: Loss of Voice and Loss of Contrast (Hall, 2009)
Stylistic Verb Movement in Yes-No Questions in Bulgarian and Breton (Rivero, 1999)
Cornish
A Brief History of the Cornish Language, its Revival and its Current Status (Ferdinand, 2013)
An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish (Bock and Bruch, 2008)
Cornish Lexicography in the Twentieth Century: Standardisation and Divergence (Mills, 1999)
Gaelic
Merge and Move: Wh-Dependencies Revisited (Adger and Ramchand, 2005)
Phonetic Variation, Sound Change, and Identity in Scottish Gaelic Laterals (Nance, 2014)
Scottish Gaelic Speech and Writing: Register Variation in an Endangered Language (Lamb, 2008)
Scottish Gaelic Clefts: Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics (Sheil, 2016)
Aspect, Agreement and Measure Phrases in Scottish Gaelic (Adger, 1993)
Jerriais
Variations in French Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax on the Island of Jersey (Goelzer, 2005)
Harmonic Serialism with Lexical Selection: Evidence from Jèrriais Allomorphy (McCarvel, 2016)
Allomorphic Variation of Definite Articles in Jersey: A Sonority Based Account (McCarvel, 2010)
Norman
Middle English and Anglo-Norman in Contact (Ingham, 2009)
Deinz Certeins Boundes: Where Does Anglo-Norman Begin and End? (Trotter, 2013)
Conquest, Contact, and Convention: Simulating the Norman Invasion’s Impact on Linguistic Usage (Quinley and Muhlenbernd, 2012)
A Sociolinguistic Study of the Regional French of Normandy (Hall, 2008)
Welsh
On the Distribution of Resumptive Pronouns and wh-trace in Welsh (Willis, 2000)
The Syntax of Welsh “Direct Object Mutation” Revisited (Tallerman, 2006)
The Acquisition of the Rhotic Consonants by Welsh-English Bilingual Children (Ball and Müller and Munro, 2001)
The Acquisition of the Lateral Fricative in Welsh-English Bilinguals (Ball and Müller and Munro, 2001)
Germanic Languages
Afrikaans
Verb Second in Afrikaans: Is this a Unitary Phenomenon? (Biberauer, 2002)
On the Syntax of the Se-Construction in Afrikaans (Oosthuizen and Waher, 1994)
Negative Concord in Afrikaans: Filling a Typological Gap (Biberauer and Zeijlstra, 2012)
A Spectral Analysis of the Backing of Afrikaans/s/in the Consonant Cluster /rs/ (Ewald, 2015)
Danish
A Morphological Analysis of Definite Nouns in Danish (Hankamer and Mikkelsen, 2002)
Object Shift and Remnant VP-Topicalisation: Danish and Swedish Verb Particles and ‘let’-Causatives (Engels and Vikner, 2013)
Eskilstuna as the Tonal Key to Danish (Riad, 2009)
Dutch
The Discourse Particle Well and its Equivalents in Swedish and Dutch (Aijmer and Simon-Vandenbergen, 2003)
Predicting the Unpredictable: Interpreting Neutralized Segments in Dutch (Ernestus and Baayen, 2003)
Praxis of Linguistics: Passives in Dutch (Verhagen, 1992)
Voice Assimilation and Segment Reduction in Casual Dutch: A Corpus-Based Study of the Phonology-Phonetics Interface (Ernestus, 2000)
On the Representation of Quasi-Long Vowels in Dutch and Limburgian (Hermans, 1992)
Faroese
V-to-I and V2 in Subordinate Clauses: an Investigation of Faroese in Relation to Icelandic and Danish (Heycock and Sorace and Hansen, 2010)
Faroese Preaspiration (Helgason, 2003)
Laryngeal Licensing and Laryngeal Neutralization in Faroese and Icelandic (Hansson, 2003)
On Variation in Faroese Verb Placement (Bentzen, 2009)
German
Universals and Grammaticality: Wh-constraints in German and English (Featherston, 2005)
Lexical Phonology and the Distribution of German [ç] and [x] (Hall, 1989)
On the L2 Acquisition of the Morphosyntax of German Nominals (Parodi and Schwartz and Clahsen, 2004)
German Adjective Agreement in GPSG (Zwicky, 1986)
Linearization-Based German Syntax (Kathol, 1995)
Types of Topics in German and Italian (Frascarelli and Hinterhölzl, 2007)
Icelandic
Syncretism and Iconicity in Icelandic noun declensions: Distributed Morphology Approach. (Müller, 2004)
Icelandic Preaspiration and the Moraic Theory of Geminates. (Keer, 1998)
The Status of Morphological Case in the Icelandic Lexicon. (Rögnvaldsson)
Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching. (Sapir and Zuckermann, 2008)
The New Passive in Icelandic really is a passive. (Eyþórsson, 2008)
Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic. (Gussmann, 2011)
Laryngeal Licensing and Laryngeal Neutralization in Faroese and Icelandic (Hansson, 2003)
Limburgish
Asymmetries in the Intonation System of the Tonal Dialect of Maastricht Limburgish (Gussenhoven, 2012)
Bitonal Lexical Pitch Accents in the Limburgian Dialect of Borgloon (Peters, 2007)
On the Representation of Quasi-Long Vowels in Dutch and Limburgian (Hermans, 1992)
Perception of the Tone Contrast in East Limburgian Dialects (Fournier, 2008)
Luxembourgish
Illustrations of the IPA: Luxembourgish (Gilles and Trouvain, 2013)
Evaluative morphology in Luxembourgish (Gilles, 2015)
Studying Luxembourgish Phonetics via Multilingual Forced Alignments (Adda-Decker and Lamel and Snoeren, 2011)
Norwegian
West Scandinavian Ditransitives as a Family of Constructions: With a Special Attention to the Norwegian “V-REFL-NP’Construction” (Barðdal and Kristoffersen and Sveen, 2011)
Norwegian Examples in International Linguistics Literature: An Inventory of Defective Documentation (Engh, 2006)
Inalienables in Norwegian and Binding Theory (Lødrup, 1999)
Word Order in Wh-Questions in a North Norwegian Dialect: Some Evidence from an Acquisition Study (Westergaard, 2003)
Swedish
Object Shift and Remnant VP-Topicalisation: Danish and Swedish Verb Particles and ‘let’-Causatives (Engels and Vikner, 2013)
The Discourse Particle Well and its Equivalents in Swedish and Dutch (Aijmer and Simon-Vandenbergen, 2003)
Temporal Effects of Focus in Swedish (Heldner and Strangert, 2001)
Discourse Functions of Antonymy: a Cross-Linguistic Investigation of Swedish and English (Murphy and Paradis and Willners and Jones, 2009)
Yiddish
Genetic notes on Netherlandic Yiddish Vocalism. (Kotz, 1978)
First Diminutive Formation and [D]-Epenthesis in Yiddish. (Pierce and Boas, 2010)
Scrambling, LF, and Phrase Structure Change in Yiddish. (Wallenberg 2013)
Explorations in the History of the Semitic Component in Yiddish (Katz, 1982)
Hellenic
Greek
Morphology in Greek Linguistics: The State of the Art (Ralli, 2003)
The Acoustic Characteristics of Geminate Consonants in Cypriot Greek (Tserdanelis and Arvaniti, 2001)
Phrasal and Clausal Comparatives in Greek and the Abstractness of Syntax (Merchant, 2009)
Indo-Iranian
Bengali
Bengali Language Handbook (Ray, 1966)
Bengali Intonational Phonology (Hayes and Lahiri, 1991)
A Comparative Approach to Polarity Sensitivity Evidence from Bengali and Greek (Ullah, 2006)
Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) (Khan, 2010)
Breathy Nasals and /Nh/ Clusters in Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi (Esposito and Khan and Hurst, 2005)
Gujarati
Dhiya: A Stemmer for Morphological Level Analysis of Gujarati Language (Sheth and Patel, 2014)
Sibilants in Gujarati Phonology (Thakur, 2011)
Hindi
Motion Events and the Lexicon: A Case Study of Hindi (Narasimhan, 2003)
Modern Hindi Grammar (Koul, 2009)
Argument Realization in Hindi Caregiver–Child Discourse (Narasimhan and Budwig and Murty, 2005)
The Adaptation of English Alveolar Stops in Telugu and Hindi (Arsenault, 2006)
Breathy Nasals and /Nh/ Clusters in Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi (Esposito and Khan and Hurst, 2005)
Kurdish
Kurdish Linguistics: A Brief Overview (Haig and Matras, 2002)
A Phonological Contrastive Analysis of Kurdish and English (Rahimpour and Dovaise, 2011)
The Gender System in the Kurdish Language: Structural and Sociolinguistic Aspects (Haig, 2004)
Marathi-Konkani
Syntactic Convergence: Marathi and Dravidian (Junghare, 2009)
Three Partial Null‐Subject Languages: a Comparison of Brazilian Portuguese, Finnish and Marathi (Holmberg and Nayudu and Sheehan, 2009)
Breathy Nasals and /Nh/ Clusters in Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi (Esposito and Khan and Hurst, 2005)
A Typological and Areal Approach to Konkani Grammar (Martínez de Antoñana, 2015)
Nepali
Distribution of the Ergative in Nepali (Butt and Poudel, 2007)
Split Ergativity in Nepali and its Typological Significance (Li, 2007)
Overlap in Nepali Spoken Interaction (Regmi and Allwood and Uranw, 2012)
Pashto
A Reference Grammar of Pashto (Tegey and Robson, 1996)
English Problematic Consonants for Pashto Speakers (Rehman and Khan and Bukhari, 2012)
A Domain-Based Approach to 2P Clitics in Pashto (Dost, 2005)
Persian
Vowel Length in Modern Farsi. (Toosarvandani, 2004)
Diglossia in Kabul Persian Phonology. (Henderson, 1975)
Optionality and Gradience in Persian phonology: an Optimality treatment. (Sadeghi, 2014)
Determinants of Event Type in Persian Complex Predicates (Folli and Harley and Karimi, 2005)
Punjabi
Comparative Study of Hindi and Punjabi Language Scripts (Goyal and Lehal, 2008)
Phonological Make-up of English Loanwords Incorporated into Punjabi via Urdu (Hussain and Mahmood and Mahmood, 2012)
Urdu
Long distance agreement in Hindi-Urdu (Bhatt, 2005)
The Structure of Complex Predicates in Urdu (Butt, 1995)
Phonological Make-up of English Loanwords Incorporated into Punjabi via Urdu (Hussain and Mahmood and Mahmood, 2012)
Arabic Loanwords in Urdu: A Linguistic Analysis (Khan and Alward, 2011)
Italo-Romance Languages
French
Consonant Clusters and Phonological Syllables in French (Dell, 1995)
French Adjective Ordering: Perspectives on DP-Internal Movement Types (Laenzlinger, 2005)
Decomposing French Questions (Boeckx, 1999)
French Phonology and L2 Acquisition (Hannahs, 2007)
Stress Domain Effects in French Phonology and Phonological Development (Rose and Santos, 2008)
Italian
A Typology of Spreading, Insertion and Deletion or What You Weren’t Told About Raddoppiamento Sintattico in Italian (Absalom and Stevens and Hajek, 2002)
From Phonetics to Phonology: The Emergence of First Words in Italian (Keren-Portnoy and Majorano and Vihman, 2009)
Types of Topics in German and Italian (Frascarelli and Hinterhölzl, 2007)
Portuguese
Bare Nominals and Number in Brazilian and European Portuguese (Müller and Oliveira, 2004)
The Change in Clitic Placement from Classical to Modern European Portuguese: Results from the Tycho Brahe Corpus (Galves and Britto and de Sousa, 2005)
Heritage Speaker Competence Differences, Language Change, and Input Type: Inflected Infinitives in Heritage Brazilian Portuguese (Rothman, 2007)
Subjects, Objects and Intonational Phrasing in Spanish and Portuguese (Elordieta and Frota and Vigário, 2005)
Spanish
Path Predicates in English and Spanish: A Closer Look (Aske, 1989)
Setting Parametric Limits on Dialectal Variation in Spanish (Toribio, 2000)
Subject and Object Expression in Spanish Heritage Speakers: A Case of Morphosyntactic Convergence (Montrul, 2004)
Subjects, Objects and Intonational Phrasing in Spanish and Portuguese (Elordieta and Frota and Vigário, 2005)
Romanian
On the Syntax of Romanian Definite Phrases Changes in the Patterns of Definiteness Checking (Cornilescu and Nicolae, 2011)
Haplology Involving Morphologically Bound and Free Elements: Evidence from Romanian (Ortmann and Popescu, 2001)
A Pseudo-Cyclic Effect in Romanian Morphophonology (Steriade, 2008)
What it Means to be Phonetic or Phonological: the Case of Romanian Devoiced Nasals (Tucker and Warner, 2010)